Ethiopia is experiencing earthquakes and volcanic activity stemming from the dynamic geological processes of the East African Rift Valley. A geologist explains how tectonic movements, molten rock, and historical events contribute to these phenomena. Recent seismic activity in regions like Fentale poses risks, prompting calls for improved monitoring and community preparedness to mitigate potential hazards.
Ethiopia experiences earthquakes and volcanic activity due to its geological context, particularly the East African Rift Valley. This region is characterized by tectonic processes that have been ongoing for millions of years and are contributing to a continental split, potentially forming a new ocean. Geologist Gemechu Bedassa Teferi explains the complex mechanics behind these phenomena, including the role of the mantle beneath the Earth’s surface.
Approximately eighteen million years ago, tectonic movements created the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, and around eleven million years ago, a rift formed deep within the Afar Depression in northeast Ethiopia. The mantle plays a critical role as it is a hot, semisolid layer that drives volcanic eruptions. When the mantle’s molten rock rises to weak spots in the Earth’s crust, it leads to volcanic activity and earthquakes caused by the release of seismic energy as tectonic plates shift.
The Afar region is recognized as one of the most volcanically and tectonically active areas globally. Recently observed activities in Fentale and surrounding areas have resulted in over 200 earthquakes, including significant ones that have caused structural damage. The most severe tremor recorded in this vicinity was measured at 6.0 on the Richter scale, significantly affecting areas including the capital Addis Ababa, located 190 km away.
The last volcanic activity in Fentale occurred in 1820. Historically, earthquakes can precede volcanic eruptions, raising concerns for residents. Satellite radar imaging has indicated that these seismic events are triggered by molten rock rising from approximately 10 km below Awash Fentale, with implications for potential volcanic activity in the region.
Several scenarios could unfold as the situation develops. The first possibility is the cooling and solidification of the molten rock, while the second involves potential eruptions if the magma ascends directly or through lateral movement. The third scenario suggests that interactions with other molten materials could either cool the rock or lead to significant eruptions, all of which remain uncertain due to various influencing factors.
To mitigate potential hazards, scientists advocate for advanced monitoring systems that capture volcanic gases, use onsite GPS, and conduct geophysical studies. Collaborative efforts between researchers and governmental bodies are critical to ensure effective communication and preparedness within at-risk communities.
In summary, Ethiopia’s earthquakes and volcanic activity are largely due to its location on the East African Rift Valley. Underlying geological processes involving the mantle and tectonic movements have resulted in significant seismic events. Understanding these phenomena is crucial for predicting future hazards and implementing safety measures. Developing advanced monitoring systems and fostering community engagement can help mitigate risks associated with these natural activities.
Original Source: www.downtoearth.org.in
