M23’s takeover of Goma marks a worrying escalation in the DRC’s enduring conflict, prompting calls for an immediate ceasefire from eight African countries. Recent violence resulted in extensive casualties, with the World Health Organization reporting significant fatalities and injuries. M23, mainly composed of Tutsi members, has roots in a historical conflict exacerbated by colonialism, and has been linked to the control of the DRC’s rich mineral resources.
M23’s recent capture of Goma is a significant development in the ongoing conflict in eastern Congo. Following heightened violence, leaders of eight African nations recently convened in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, advocating for an immediate ceasefire in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This comes in the wake of intense fighting that has caused hundreds of deaths and left thousands injured.
On January 31, 2025, the rebel group M23 took control of Goma, with its leader, Corneille Nangaa, announcing their determination to advance to Kinshasa. The World Health Organization reported that around 900 bodies were found in Goma, with about 3,000 injuries and mass displacements in the area. The Congolese government has begun burying over 2,000 deceased individuals as thousands flee ongoing violence.
Historically, M23 is composed primarily of ethnic Tutsis and emerged as an offshoot of the National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP). The CNDP disbanded following a 2009 peace agreement, which aimed to integrate its members into the Congolese military. A faction dissatisfied with this agreement formed M23 in 2012, receiving alleged support from government officials in Rwanda and Uganda.
The roots of this conflict trace back to Belgium’s colonial reign, which exacerbated ethnic tensions between Tutsi and Hutu groups. This led to waves of Tutsi refugees, worsening feelings of disenfranchisement over the years. In the late 1990s, joint military efforts from Rwanda and Uganda culminated in the overthrow of Mobutu Sese Seko but also ignited two major Congolese wars, with M23 claiming to protect Congolese Tutsis from various threats.
Control of mineral resources has fueled the DRC conflict. M23 has captured several key mining regions, including Rubaya and Kasika, rich in coltan and gold. In December 2024, a UN report indicated M23 exported significant quantities of coltan to Rwanda, raising concerns about the contamination of global mineral supply chains. The DRC holds vast mineral wealth, critical for technology and renewable energy industries; however, effective governance is lacking.
Resolving the conflict demands acknowledging the citizenship of Tutsi individuals and considering the influence of neighboring countries. Filip Reyntjens has highlighted the importance of addressing regional political dynamics to ensure stability. There is a dire need for respect towards ceasefire agreements and prosecution of armed group supporters, which remains largely unaddressed in past conflicts.
Preventing conflict minerals from entering international markets is crucial. The DRC’s minerals often enter global supply chains labeled as conflict-free after smuggling through neighboring states. Tech companies and retailers must be held accountable for the sources of minerals in their products, with consumers demanding transparency and ethical practices.
Inclusion of women in peace negotiations is essential, as they bear the brunt of violence and should have a voice in addressing atrocities. Dr. Dennis Mukwege emphasized the necessity of justice for lasting peace, noting the issues of human rights violations must be central to discussions. Holistic approaches, both locally and internationally, must focus on equitable access to mineral resources.
Achieving genuine peace in the DRC will necessitate an end to ethnic and partisan conflicts, fostering a commitment to democracy, sovereignty, and the well-being of all citizens. Long-term solutions are required to grow a stable society that ensures prosperity for the region.
The ongoing conflict in the DRC, highlighted by M23’s capture of Goma, underscores the urgent need for strategic political and social reforms. Effective engagement of regional parties, commitment to ceasefire agreements, and addressing the impact of foreign interests in the DRC’s mineral wealth are vital. Furthermore, prioritizing the inclusion of marginalized groups, particularly women, in conflict resolution processes is essential for achieving lasting peace and justice in the region.
Original Source: theconversation.com
